Addressing Biosecurity Risks Associated with One of the Top Vectors of Marine Non-indigenous Species Transfer into Hawai`i
Natalie Dunn (Kupu, DAR); Jules Kuo (DAR)
Introductions
(Godwin & Eldredge, 2001; Hewitt et al., 2004; Gollasch, 2006; Hayden et al., 2009; Carlton & Eldredge, 2009;Davidson et al., 2014; Ruiz et al., 2014)
• Hawai`i has a relatively high number of established aquatic NIS
• Most species arrived to the islands through ballast water and hull fouling
• Management of this top vector of NIS transfer
Management
• Prevention is the most cost-efficient
• Ballast Water and Hull Fouling Program is centered on prevention
Ballast Water and Hull Fouling Program
• HAR §13-76 “Non-indigenous Aquatic Species”
−Vessel-specific Ballast Water Management Plan
−Retain on board or treated, freshwater, or mid-ocean
−Submit Ballast Water Reporting form to DLNR 24 hours prior
• Tiered risk assessments to allocate limited resources
−Initial: documentation
−Secondary: shipboard inspection
• Summary of 2017 intial risk assessments in Hawai`i
Non-indigenous Species (NIS) in Hawai`i
Introductions
(Godwin & Eldredge, 2001; Hewitt et al., 2004; Gollasch, 2006; Hayden et al., 2009; Carlton & Eldredge, 2009;Davidson et al., 2014; Ruiz et al., 2014)
• Hawai`i has a relatively high number of established aquatic NIS
• Most species arrived to the islands through ballast water and hull fouling
• Management of this top vector of NIS transfer
Management
• Prevention is the most cost-efficient
• Ballast Water and Hull Fouling Program is centered on prevention
Ballast Water and Hull Fouling Program
• HAR §13-76 “Non-indigenous Aquatic Species”
−Vessel-specific Ballast Water Management Plan
−Retain on board or treated, freshwater, or mid-ocean
−Submit Ballast Water Reporting form to DLNR 24 hours prior
• Tiered risk assessments to allocate limited resources
−Initial: documentation
−Secondary: shipboard inspection
• Summary of 2017 intial risk assessments in Hawai`i
Scope
• Examine concentrations of plankton in harbors on O`ahu
• Investigate Ballast Check 2 in ballast water compliance monitoring
• Honolulu Harbor, Kewalo Basin, Rainbow Harbor, Ma`alaea Harbor (opportunistic)
Sampling Design
Results
Phytoplankton Concentrations
• Phytoplankton concentration was highest at Rainbow Harbor, followed by Honolulu Harbor, and last Kewalo Basin
• Only Rainbow Harbor and Kewalo Basin were significantly different in terms of phytoplankton concentrations (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.02)
• Vessel traffic could be related, however there were confounding factors
Zooplankton Concentrations
• Zooplankton concentrations in Honolulu and Kewalo Harbors were not significantly different (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.25)
• Percent of water samples in each harbor that contained > 10 viable organisms per unit volume
• If this harbor water is ballasted and transported to neighbor islands, the ballast water should be managed interisland considering high concentrations of plankton present in these harbors
• This is particularly important when considering that O`ahu acts as a hub for transfer of aquatic NIS to other islands
• However, native or nonnative status of these samples and plankton concentrations in other harbors have yet to be investigated
Pilot Study
Scope
• Examine concentrations of plankton in harbors on O`ahu
• Investigate Ballast Check 2 in ballast water compliance monitoring
• Honolulu Harbor, Kewalo Basin, Rainbow Harbor, Ma`alaea Harbor (opportunistic)
Sampling Design
Results
Phytoplankton Concentrations
• Phytoplankton concentration was highest at Rainbow Harbor, followed by Honolulu Harbor, and last Kewalo Basin
• Only Rainbow Harbor and Kewalo Basin were significantly different in terms of phytoplankton concentrations (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.02)
• Vessel traffic could be related, however there were confounding factors
Zooplankton Concentrations
• Zooplankton concentrations in Honolulu and Kewalo Harbors were not significantly different (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.25)
• Percent of water samples in each harbor that contained > 10 viable organisms per unit volume
• If this harbor water is ballasted and transported to neighbor islands, the ballast water should be managed interisland considering high concentrations of plankton present in these harbors
• This is particularly important when considering that O`ahu acts as a hub for transfer of aquatic NIS to other islands
• However, native or nonnative status of these samples and plankton concentrations in other harbors have yet to be investigated
Where are vessels arriving?
• Honolulu, Barber's Point, and Hilo had the highest number of vessel arrivals in 2017
Where are vessels departing from?
Last Port
Most Common Out-of-State Regions
(Godwin & Eldredge, 2001; Davidson et al., 2014)
• There has been consistent influx from the Northeast and Northwest Pacific
Interisland Transit
• O`ahu serves as a hub for aquatic NIS transfer throughout the State
Hawai`i Shipping Profile 2017
Where are vessels arriving?
• Honolulu, Barber's Point, and Hilo had the highest number of vessel arrivals in 2017
Where are vessels departing from?
Last Port
Most Common Out-of-State Regions
(Godwin & Eldredge, 2001; Davidson et al., 2014)
• There has been consistent influx from the Northeast and Northwest Pacific
Interisland Transit
• O`ahu serves as a hub for aquatic NIS transfer throughout the State
Ballast Water Discharge
• Honolulu received a higher number of vessel arrivals
• More ballast water was discharged in Barber's Point than in Honolulu due to a difference in harbor shipping profiles (Godwin & Eldredge, 2001)
Ballast Water Management
• Most vessels did not deballast in Hawai`i
• One vessel may employ more than one management strategy (does not equal 100%)
Vessels Deballasting in Hawai`i
(Data from NBIC)
• Decreased from 15% to 11% possibly as a result of an advance in technology
Ballast Water in Hawai`i 2017
Ballast Water Discharge
• Honolulu received a higher number of vessel arrivals
• More ballast water was discharged in Barber's Point than in Honolulu due to a difference in harbor shipping profiles (Godwin & Eldredge, 2001)
Ballast Water Management
• Most vessels did not deballast in Hawai`i
• One vessel may employ more than one management strategy (does not equal 100%)
Vessels Deballasting in Hawai`i
(Data from NBIC)
• Decreased from 15% to 11% possibly as a result of an advance in technology
Initial Risk Assessment (Pre-border documentation)
• 48.2% of vessels were non-compliant
• Reporting requirements
• In California, 84% of vessels were compliant and only 4% did not submit documentation (Brown et al., 2017)
Secondary Risk Assessment (Border inspection)
• In conjunction with USCG
• Check further documentation
• Test ballast water
• Protocol in development
| Microorganism Category | Limit for Discharge |
|---|---|
| Viable, size > 50 µm | < 10 organisms/m3 |
| Viable, size 10-50 µm | < 10 organisms/mL |
| Vibrio Cholerae | < 1 Colony Forming Unit/100mL |
| Escherichia coli | < 250 Colony Forming Unit/100mL |
| Intestinal Enterococci | < 100 Colony Forming Unit/100mL |
Risky Ballast Water 2017
• Both vessels were in compliance, however these would be primary candidates for secondary shipboard inspections
Vessel Compliance
Initial Risk Assessment (Pre-border documentation)
• 48.2% of vessels were non-compliant
• Reporting requirements
• In California, 84% of vessels were compliant and only 4% did not submit documentation (Brown et al., 2017)
Secondary Risk Assessment (Border inspection)
• In conjunction with USCG
• Check further documentation
• Test ballast water
• Protocol in development
| Microorganism Category | Limit for Discharge |
|---|---|
| Viable, size > 50 µm | < 10 organisms/m3 |
| Viable, size 10-50 µm | < 10 organisms/mL |
| Vibrio Cholerae | < 1 Colony Forming Unit/100mL |
| Escherichia coli | < 250 Colony Forming Unit/100mL |
| Intestinal Enterococci | < 100 Colony Forming Unit/100mL |
Risky Ballast Water 2017
• Both vessels were in compliance, however these would be primary candidates for secondary shipboard inspections
Areas of Focus
1. Collaboration with vessel operators, shipping agents, governmental and other agencies
2. Further research and collecting more data
3. Focus management efforts and allocate resources
Ballast Water and Hull Fouling Program | DAR DLNR
References
Bienfang. P. & Johnson, W. (1980). Planktonic properties of HonokohauHarbor: a nutrient-enriched subtropical embayment. Pacific Science, 34, 293-300.
Bland, J. M. & Altman, D. G. (1999). Measuring Agreement in Method Comparison Studies. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 135-160.
Bondur, V. (2005) Complex satellite monitoring of coastal water areas. 31stInternational Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.
Brock, R. E. (1998) Community structure of fish and macrobenthosat selected sites fronting Sand Island, O`ahu, Hawai`I, in relation to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall. Department of Environmental Services Project Report PR-99-07.
Carkeet, A. (2015). Exact Parametric Confidence Intervals for Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement. Optometry and Vision Science, 92, 71-80.
Coles, S.L., DeFelice, R.C., Eldredge, L.G., Godwin, S.L., Pyle, R. L. & Suzumoto, A. (1999). Nonindigenous marine species interoductionsin the harbors of the south and west shores of Oahu, Hawaii.Hawaii Biological Survey, 15, 1-228.
Coles. S. L. (2006) Marine communities and introduced species in pearl harbor, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours, 207–228.
Coutts, A. D. M & Dodgshun, T. J. (2007). The nature and extent of organisms in vessel sea-chests: A protected mechanism for marine bioinvasions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 875-886.
Coutts, A. D. M., Moore, K. M., & Hewitt, C. L. (2003). Ships’ sea-chests: an overlooked transfer mechanism for non-indigenous marine species? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 1504-1515.
Department of Transportation. (2002) Final environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact: dredge Ewaend of Pier 51A, Honolulu Harbor, O`ahu, Hawai`i. 10-08-OA-FEA
Englund, R. A., Preston, D. J., Coles, S. L., Eldredge, L. G., & Arakaki, K. (2000)a. Biodiversity of freshwater and estuarine communities in lower Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, with observations on introduced species. Hawaii Biological Survey, 16, 1-181.
Englund, R. A., Arakaki, K., Preston, D. J., Coles, S. L. & Eldredge, L. G. (2000)b. Nonindegenousfreshwater and estuarine species introductions and their potential to affect sportfishing in the lower stream and estuarine regions of the south and west shores of Oahu, Hawaii. Hawaii Biological Survey, 17, 1-108.
Federal Ballast Water Regulations (2017). 33 CFR 151 - Ballast water management requirements.
Godwin, L. S. & Eldredge, L. G. (2001). South Oahu Marine Invasions Shipping Study (SOMISS) (Vol 20) Bishop Museum Press.
Godwin, L. S. (2004). Hull fouling of maritime vessels as a pathway for marine species invasions to the Hawaiian Islands. Biofouling, 19(S1), 123-131.
Gollasch, S., David, M., France, J., & Mozetic, P. (2015). Quantifying indicatively living phytoplankton cells in ballast water samples — recommendations for Port State Control. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 768-775.
International Maritime Organization (2017). International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM). Retrieved from http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Control-and-Management-of-Ships%27-Ballast-Water-and-Sediments-(BWM).aspx
Jokiel, P. L. & Brown, E. K. (1998). Coral baseline survey of Ma`alaeaHarbor for light-draft vessels, Island of Maui.Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Report, 1-27.
KewaloBasin Harbor (2017). http://kewaloharbor.com/about/
Laws, E. A., Ziemann, D., & Schulman, D. (1999) Coastal water quality in Hawaii: the importance of buffer zones and dilution. Marine Environmental Research48, 1-21.
Leach, A. (2011). Testing the efficacy of heated seawater for managing biofouling in ship’s sea chests. University of Wollongong Thesis Collections.
Maki, A., Salmi, P.,Mikkonen, A. Kremp, A., & Tiirola, M. (2017) Sample preservation, DNA or RNA extraction and data analysis for high-throughput phytoplankton community sequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 1848
NSF International (2010). Generic protocol for the verification of ballast water treatment technology. EPA/600/R-10/146
Piola, R. & Grandison, C. (2013). In-water Treatment of Biofouling in Internal Systems: Field Validation of Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QAC) Chemical Treatment Protocols. Australian Government Department of Defence, DSTO-TR-2774.
Shikuma, N. J. & Hadfield, M. G. (2010). Marine biofilms on submerged surfaces are a reservoir for Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera. Biofouling, 26, 38=9-46.
Sylvester, F., Kalaci, O., Leung, B., Lacoursiere-Roussel, A., Murray, C., Choi, F., Bravo, M., Therriault, T., & MacIsaac, H. (2011) Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 415-423.
Sylvester, F., Kalaci, O., Leung, B., Lacoursiere-Roussel, A., Murray, C., Choi, F., Bravo, M., Therriault, T., & MacIsaac, H. (2011) Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 415-423.
U.S. Coast Guard (2017). National Ballast Information Clearinghouse. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. NBIC Database
Vijayavel, K., Fujioka, R., Ebdon, J. & Taylor, H. (2010) Isolation and characterization of Bacteroides host strain HB-73 used to detect sewage specific phages in Hawaii. Water Research, 44, 3714-3724
Wang, G., Li, Q., & Zhu, P. (2008). Phylogenetic diversity of culturable fungi associated with the Hawaiian sponges Suberiteszetekiand Gelliodesfibrosa. AntonieVan Leeuwenhoek, 93(1-2), 163-174.
Significance
Areas of Focus
1. Collaboration with vessel operators, shipping agents, governmental and other agencies
2. Further research and collecting more data
3. Focus management efforts and allocate resources
Ballast Water and Hull Fouling Program | DAR DLNR
References
Bienfang. P. & Johnson, W. (1980). Planktonic properties of HonokohauHarbor: a nutrient-enriched subtropical embayment. Pacific Science, 34, 293-300.
Bland, J. M. & Altman, D. G. (1999). Measuring Agreement in Method Comparison Studies. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 135-160.
Bondur, V. (2005) Complex satellite monitoring of coastal water areas. 31stInternational Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.
Brock, R. E. (1998) Community structure of fish and macrobenthosat selected sites fronting Sand Island, O`ahu, Hawai`I, in relation to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall. Department of Environmental Services Project Report PR-99-07.
Carkeet, A. (2015). Exact Parametric Confidence Intervals for Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement. Optometry and Vision Science, 92, 71-80.
Coles, S.L., DeFelice, R.C., Eldredge, L.G., Godwin, S.L., Pyle, R. L. & Suzumoto, A. (1999). Nonindigenous marine species interoductionsin the harbors of the south and west shores of Oahu, Hawaii.Hawaii Biological Survey, 15, 1-228.
Coles. S. L. (2006) Marine communities and introduced species in pearl harbor, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours, 207–228.
Coutts, A. D. M & Dodgshun, T. J. (2007). The nature and extent of organisms in vessel sea-chests: A protected mechanism for marine bioinvasions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 875-886.
Coutts, A. D. M., Moore, K. M., & Hewitt, C. L. (2003). Ships’ sea-chests: an overlooked transfer mechanism for non-indigenous marine species? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 1504-1515.
Department of Transportation. (2002) Final environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact: dredge Ewaend of Pier 51A, Honolulu Harbor, O`ahu, Hawai`i. 10-08-OA-FEA
Englund, R. A., Preston, D. J., Coles, S. L., Eldredge, L. G., & Arakaki, K. (2000)a. Biodiversity of freshwater and estuarine communities in lower Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, with observations on introduced species. Hawaii Biological Survey, 16, 1-181.
Englund, R. A., Arakaki, K., Preston, D. J., Coles, S. L. & Eldredge, L. G. (2000)b. Nonindegenousfreshwater and estuarine species introductions and their potential to affect sportfishing in the lower stream and estuarine regions of the south and west shores of Oahu, Hawaii. Hawaii Biological Survey, 17, 1-108.
Federal Ballast Water Regulations (2017). 33 CFR 151 - Ballast water management requirements.
Godwin, L. S. & Eldredge, L. G. (2001). South Oahu Marine Invasions Shipping Study (SOMISS) (Vol 20) Bishop Museum Press.
Godwin, L. S. (2004). Hull fouling of maritime vessels as a pathway for marine species invasions to the Hawaiian Islands. Biofouling, 19(S1), 123-131.
Gollasch, S., David, M., France, J., & Mozetic, P. (2015). Quantifying indicatively living phytoplankton cells in ballast water samples — recommendations for Port State Control. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 768-775.
International Maritime Organization (2017). International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM). Retrieved from http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Control-and-Management-of-Ships%27-Ballast-Water-and-Sediments-(BWM).aspx
Jokiel, P. L. & Brown, E. K. (1998). Coral baseline survey of Ma`alaeaHarbor for light-draft vessels, Island of Maui.Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Report, 1-27.
KewaloBasin Harbor (2017). http://kewaloharbor.com/about/
Laws, E. A., Ziemann, D., & Schulman, D. (1999) Coastal water quality in Hawaii: the importance of buffer zones and dilution. Marine Environmental Research48, 1-21.
Leach, A. (2011). Testing the efficacy of heated seawater for managing biofouling in ship’s sea chests. University of Wollongong Thesis Collections.
Maki, A., Salmi, P.,Mikkonen, A. Kremp, A., & Tiirola, M. (2017) Sample preservation, DNA or RNA extraction and data analysis for high-throughput phytoplankton community sequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 1848
NSF International (2010). Generic protocol for the verification of ballast water treatment technology. EPA/600/R-10/146
Piola, R. & Grandison, C. (2013). In-water Treatment of Biofouling in Internal Systems: Field Validation of Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QAC) Chemical Treatment Protocols. Australian Government Department of Defence, DSTO-TR-2774.
Shikuma, N. J. & Hadfield, M. G. (2010). Marine biofilms on submerged surfaces are a reservoir for Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera. Biofouling, 26, 38=9-46.
Sylvester, F., Kalaci, O., Leung, B., Lacoursiere-Roussel, A., Murray, C., Choi, F., Bravo, M., Therriault, T., & MacIsaac, H. (2011) Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 415-423.
Sylvester, F., Kalaci, O., Leung, B., Lacoursiere-Roussel, A., Murray, C., Choi, F., Bravo, M., Therriault, T., & MacIsaac, H. (2011) Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 415-423.
U.S. Coast Guard (2017). National Ballast Information Clearinghouse. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. NBIC Database
Vijayavel, K., Fujioka, R., Ebdon, J. & Taylor, H. (2010) Isolation and characterization of Bacteroides host strain HB-73 used to detect sewage specific phages in Hawaii. Water Research, 44, 3714-3724
Wang, G., Li, Q., & Zhu, P. (2008). Phylogenetic diversity of culturable fungi associated with the Hawaiian sponges Suberiteszetekiand Gelliodesfibrosa. AntonieVan Leeuwenhoek, 93(1-2), 163-174.
